3rd International Conference on Retroviruses and Novel Drugs July 27-28, 2017 Vancouver, Canada

Biography:

LIB Kanzaki has been working with retroviruses, mainly in the field of HTLV-1/2 epidemiology and recently initiated a research work on endogenous retroviruses, searching for retroviral sequences in neoplastic tissues of patients with different histological types of cancer. Presently he is a professor of Immunology and retrovirology at the University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil.

Abstract:

Actively replicative Endogenous Retrovirus (HERVs) are anciently integrated in the human genome and became stable in inherited material across generations, accounting for 8% of the human genome. Among HERVs group there are the HERV-K and HERV-W. HERV-K virions were seen budding from tumour cells, and viral RNA could be found at higher titers in the plasma of lymphoma and breast cancer patients. Reverse transcriptase and retroviral RNA were detected in plasma samples that simultaneously had HERV-K gag and env proteins, in both mature and pseudo particles. In light of these findings, we propose to initiate a study to evaluate the role of HERV-K among cancer patients in Brasilia, DF, Brazil. After the study approval (number 59/13) by the Commmittee of Ethics, under patients consent, blood samples and neoplastic tissue fragments were collected, in the surgery unit of the “Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal”. All patients had cancer in the neck or had. Thirty-five extracted DNA samples from different histopathological types were amplified with primers to the HERV-K gag region, and 31 samples yield an amplicon band size of 250 bp, as expected to the gag sequence. There are substantial reports in the literature of HERV-K proviral sequences detection among head and neck cancer and also in healthy tissues. Of 35 analysed samples, 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma were previously negative for the presence of Human Papillomavirus gene sequences, but had HERV-K sequences detected. Further analysis will investigate the presence of other HERV-K sequences as env, pol and ltr, in order to better understand the role of these entitites in oncogenesis. Also the obtained amplicons will be sequenced and compared to published and deposited sequences. 

Biography:

Segundo Mesa Castillo. As Specialist in Neurology, he worked for 10 years in the Institute of Neurology of Havana, Cuba.  He has worked in Electron Microscopic Studies on Schizophrenia for 32 years. He was awarded with the International Price of the Stanley Foundation Award Program and for the Professional Committee to work as a fellowship position in the Laboratory of the Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke under Dr. Joseph Gibbs for a period of 6 months, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, Washington D.C. USA, June 5, 1990.

Abstract:

In the origin of schizophrenia the evidences point to intra-uterine environmental factors that act specifically during the second pregnancy trimester producing a direct damage of the brain of the fetus. The current available technology doesn't allow observing what is happening at cellular level since the human brain is not exposed  to a direct analysis in that stage of the life. Methods. In 1977 we began a direct electron microscopic research of the brain of fetuses at high risk from schizophrenic mothers in order to finding differences at cellular level in relation to controls. Results. In these studies we have observed within the nuclei of neurons the presence of complete and incomplete viral particles that reacted in positive form with antibodies to herpes simplex hominis type I [HSV1] virus, and mitochondria alterations. Conclusion. The importance of these findings can have practical applications in the prevention of the illness keeping in mind its direct relation to the aetiology and physiopathology of schizophrenia. A study of amniotic fluid cells in women at risk of having a schizophrenic offspring is considered. Of being observed the same alterations that those observed previously in the cells of the brain of the studied foetuses, it would intend to these women in risk of having a schizophrenia descendant, previous information of the results, the voluntary medical interruption of the pregnancy or an early anti HSV1 viral treatment as

preventive measure of the later development of the illness.

Biography:

Fregenet graduated as a medical doctor from Jimma University school of Medicine at the age of 24 in July 2013. After her graduation she started working at Wachemo University as a lecturer and general practitioner. She worked as a research and community service coordinator and dean of college of medicine and health sciences of Wachemo University. Currently, she is preparing to start specialty study at St.Paul Millennium Medical College in the department of radiology.

Abstract:

Every day, more than 1,800 babies worldwide contract HIV from their mothers. Many of these cases occur in Africa including Ethiopia. The transmission of HIV from infected mothers to babies could occur during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding. For women to take advantage of measures to reduce transmission, they need to know about Mother To Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV and their HIV status. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge on MTCT and utilization of services designed for Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women. Community based cross-sectional study was conducted at Hossana town from March 3-28/ 2014 using pre-tested questionnaire and structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.

Out of the 417 pregnant women interviewed, 370 (88.7%) responded that they know MTCT of HIV, 377(90.4%) mothers tested for HIV during current pregnancy and 354(93.9%) shared test result to their husband. Knowledge of Mother to child transmission was the independent predictor of utilization of the services rendered for PMTCT of HIV/AIDS.

More than three-fourth of pregnant women knew about MTCT of HIV. Nine women in every ten tested for HIV during current pregnancy and shared test result to their husband. Knowledge of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS was the independent predictor of utilization of PMTCT services. Thus, improving awareness of pregnant women about MTCT of HIV/AIDS and its prevention strategies by means of health care providers in maternal and child health service units should be strengthened.

Biography:

Minet Tesfai Hadish is a master’s of Nursing Science student from School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. I have graduated my Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) from School of Nursing, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea in 2010 and won Gold Medal. I have  worked in the same college for six years as an assistant lecturer; nurse practitioner, class room instructor, clinical teacher and course coordinator,  as well as member of the executive committee for research coordination of the school of nursing and the college and in close association with BDHO; the Eritrean National HIV/AIDS Association as Trainer and Consultant.

Abstract:

Background: HIV testing plays a vital role in the prevention and reduction of the HIV epidemic and is a critical measure for HIV prevention programs and services. However, reports from Cameroon and Gabon indicated low HIV testing and lack of information about the predicting factors of HIV testing. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the HIV testing experiences and to explore its predicting factors among 15-24 aged Cameroonian and Gabonese youth.

Methodology: This study used nationally representative datasets from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of Cameroon (2011) and Gabon (2012). A total of 14,880 youth of which 9511(63.91%) from Cameroon and 5369(36.08%) from Gabon were taken. Binary multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the associates of HIV testing using SPSS version 22.

Results: Above 14% of Cameroonian and 19% of Gabonese youth did not know where to get HIV test. In Cameroon 23.1% and in Gabon 41.6% of youth where tested for HIV in their life time. Only 11.7% of Cameroonian and 25.9% of Gabonese youth were tested for HIV in the last 12 months. Most of the youth tested for HIV in the last 12 months were received results of their HIV test. Even though such data was not available in the DHS data of Gabon, the main reasons for HIV test among Cameroonian youth were asked for the test, offered and accepted, and required. Variables that showed statistically significant association with HIV test and receiving HIV test results  were; age, type of residence, educational level, religion, marital status, wealth index, occupation, comprehensive knowledge, and acceptance attitude. Cameroonian and Gabonese male youth were less likely to know place to get HIV test, to be tested for HIV, tested and received HIV test results than their female counterparts.

Conclusion: Life time and in the last 12 months HIV test experiences among Cameroonian and Gabonese youth are very low and even significant proportion of the youth do not know where to get HIV test. Hence, both countries need to implement strategies targeting those younger, male, unmarried, not educated, and economically disadvantaged youth to increase their motivation and awareness towards HIV testing.

Biography:

Dr Okeke Chukwubike Udoka is a lecturer in Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria. He has MSc and PhD in Chemical Pathology (Clinical Chemistry). He has Fellows of Institute of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Haematology/Blood Group Serology (FIMLS). He is a member of African Society of Laboratory Medicine. He has participated in many researches, some of which have been published in reputable journals. He has presented papers in many local and international scientific conferences. He has research interest in Endocrinology, Metabolic Disease and Molecular Medicine.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women is on the increase in sub-sahara Africa. The use of antiretroviral drugs has ameliorated the adverse effect of HIV on pregnancy. The study was to investigate the effect of the antiretroviral drugs on estradiol and progesterone among HIV-infected pregnant women.

MATERIALS/ METHODS: 120 pregnant women participated in this study which comprised of 60 HIV seropositive at 2^nd trimester, and 60 HIV seronegative throughout the gestation period. The HIV-infected group commenced antiretroviral treatment (Nevirapine, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine) at 2^nd trimester through full term. The serum estradiol/ progesterone levels were estimated at 2^nd and 3^rd trimester of pregnancy of these subjects by ELISA method.

RESULT: It was observed that there was progressive increase in progesterone and estradiol levels in 2^nd through 3^rd trimester in both groups of women, irrespective of their HIV status. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in progesterone levels between HIV-infected and non-infected groups at 2^nd trimester (210.94 ± 7.04 ng/ml and 222.27± 6.81 ng/ml respecively). There was also no significant difference (p > 0.05) in progesterone level in 3^rd trimester between the two groups (HIV –infected group 253.05 ± 6.81 ng/ml, and non-infected group 241.09 ± 5.72 ng/ml). It was observed that the estradiol levels in non-infected group (8,812.85 ± 415. 93pg/ml) was significantly higher (p <0.05) than HIV –infected group (5,359.82 ± 260.79 pg/ml) at 2^nd trimester. This significant difference in estradiol levels was also observed in 3^rd trimester between the two groups (non-infected 10.212.50 ± 566.76 pg/ml and HIV –infected 7,664.23 ± 268.72 pg/ml).

CONCLUSION: The significant decline in estradiol level among HIV-infected pregnant women at 2^nd trimester shows that HIV infection significantly reduces the secretion of estradiol. It does not have significant effect on progesterone secretion among these women in second trimester. This indicates that untreated HIV infection can affect development and maintenance of pregnancy in women. The progressive increase in estradiol from 2^nd trimester through 3^rd trimester showed that antiretroviral drugs significantly ameliorate the possible effects of HIV on estradiol, thereby prevent some adverse HIV effects on the pregnancy outcome.

Biography:

Akbar Esmaeili is a Professor in  Department of Chemical Engineering, North Tehran Branch,from the Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract:

In recent years, the unparalleled and functional properties of essential oils have been extensively reported, but the sensitivity of essential oils to environmental factors and their poor aqueous solubility have limited their applications in industries. Hence, we encapsulated CEO in chitosan nanoparticles by an emulsion-ionic gelation with pantasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and sodium hexametaphosphte (HMP), separately, as crosslinkers. The nanoparticles were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of CEO in chitosan nanoparticles increased with the increase of initial CEO amount. The nanoparticles displayed an average size of 30-80 nm with a spherical shape and regular distribution. In vitro release profiles exhibited an initial burst release and followed by a sustained CEO release at different pH conditions. The amount of CEO release from chitosan nanoparticles was higher in acidic pH to basic or neutral pH, respectively. The biological properties of CEO, before and after the encapsulation process were evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and agar disc diffusion method, respectively. The results indicated the encapsulation of CEO in chitosan nanoparticles could be protected the quality.

Biography:

Maduike , C.  O. Ezeibe (Ph.D)   is a  graduate of University of  Nigeria, Nsukka . He is also a fellow of  College of Veterinary Surgeons, Nigeria (FCVSN) and  Professor of Veterinary Medicine, at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike-Nigeria.

Abstract:

Small size  of viruses  allows them access to organs that are in-access-able to medicines (big molecules).  When patients  are  treated, immunity clears such infections but for infections that cause immune-deficiency, there would be nothing  to clear them. Affected organs become their “sanctuary” . Aluminum silicate and Magnesium silicate were reacted {Al₄(SiO₄)₃ + 3Mg₂SiO₄→2Al₂Mg₃(SiO₄)₃} for the medicinal synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate (MSAMS, Antivirt®).  Molecules  of  MSAMS  are made of Nanoparticles  with positive and  negative electrically charged ends.  Ultra small size of MSAMS-Nanoparticles allows them access to all organs. They bond their  ends to opposite  charges, on viruses and  on infected  cells.  MSAMS  also provokes  lymphocytosis. Synergy between its antiviral  effects  and  the lymphocytosis terminates viral infections. HIV-infected persons were classified as: (i) HIV-positive patients (CD4 ≥500) and (ii) HIV/AIDS patients (CD4 <500). Each patient was treated, daily, with Antivirt® (50mg/kg) and  immunace extra-protection® (1 tablet). They were tested before the treatment and every month, for viral loads and CD4 counts. Mean CD4 counts  of the HIV-positive patients (663.60±45.43) was more (P=0.00) than that of the HIV/AIDS patients (330.00±32.01) but means of  their monthly  CD4 before they recovered (1461.78±339.84 and 1400.00±301.30) became approximately same (P=0.89). HIV antigens and antibodies regressed, completely, in HIV-positive patients  after  8.40±0.24 months while it took 10.00 ±0.00  months  before HIV/AIDS patients recovered (P=0.00 ). Symptoms were observed in HIV/AIDS patients but the HIV-positives remained apparently healthy. Conclusion is that  patients at both HIV-positive stage  and  HIV/AIDS stage can recover, if treated with  the Antivirt®-immune stimulants regimen.

Biography:

Mebratu Mitiku (MSc in CTID M) Coordinator of MSC program in Clinical Tropical Infectious disease Medicine (CTID Med) at University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Internal Medicine.

Abstract:

Background: Utilization of dual contraceptive methods can reduce the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) between partners. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of dual contraceptive use among HIV positive women attending care at University of Gondar Hospital, North west Ethiopia.

Methods: An Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among women attending at the University of Gondar Hospital Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Clinic. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to recruit 619 participants from July to August, 2013. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire supplemented with chart review was used to collect data. Data were entered in EPI Info version 3.5.3 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed to describe the characteristics of the study subjects. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were computed to identify associated factors.

Results: Dual contraceptive use among HIV positive women was found to be 13.2%. Age of the respondents above 25 years old (AOR=0.20; 95% CI=0.06-0.65), absence of counseling from health care providers (AOR=0.26; 95% CI=0.12-0.58) and spousal discussion about dual contraceptive (AOR=19; 95% CI=8.32-43.36) were associated with dual contraceptive use.

Conclusion: In this hospital dual contraceptive use was low. Strengthening family planning counseling and spousal discussion needs to be emphasized.

Biography:

Dr Edet is a medical doctor with a Masters’ in Public Health (in view) from the University of Venda in Limpopo Province of South Africa.

Abstract:

Problem statement: South Africa presently has the highest HIV burden globally. The UNAIDS developed the “90-90-90 targets” to curb the global HIV burden. This target, which the South African government has adopted, aims at sustained viral suppression in 90% of all people on antiretroviral therapy. This is supported by several studies. Studies to observe if patients are achieving and sustaining viral suppression in Limpopo, South Africa are few. This study aims to investigate the viral and immunologic responses of patients in Vhembe District to highly active antiretroviral therapy from the time therapy is initiated to their latest laboratory results.

Methodology: This will be a retrospective medical record review. The study will be conducted in one health facility in Vhembe District in rural Limpopo. It will include about 1600 patient records. Data will be retrieved from electronic and paper-based medical records include viral load, CD4 count, age, gender, year of initiation, previous ART exposure, baseline haemoglobin, creatinine and BMI. Analysis of the data will be done using SPSS 24.0 programme to determine the proportion of patients that have adequate CD4 count increase, viral suppression and the prevalence of immuno-virologic discordance. Continuous data and proportions will be compared using student’s t-test and chi-square test respectively. Multivariate logistic regression will be used to determine the factors associated with viral suppression and adequate immunologic response. Estimates used will be odds ratios at 95% confidence interval and a p-value of 0.05.

Findings of this study include the viral and immunologic outcome of patients on HAART in Vhembe District. Data for this study has been collected and is being analysed.

Biography:

Dr. Francis Oronsaye is presently working as an associate professor at University of Benin, Nigeria from where he pursued PhD in Medical Microbiology. After attaining doctorate, he served in various positions including lecturer, senior lecturer and pricipal investigator for various projects involved in the same university. He has attended more than 20 international conferences and delivered talks in his field of expertise. He is a member of International Research and Development Institute and American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. He has published more than 50 research articles in peer-reviewed journals. He was also successful in designing a lotion for treating all kinds of superficial infections of bacterial and fungal origin. It is currently undergoing toxicology testing and is also awaiting NAFDAC registration.

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of immunodeficiency virus antibodies among donors visiting University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Five thousand seven hundred (5700) blood samples collected from prospective blood donors in University of Benin Teaching Hospital from 2005-2015 were screened for HIV antibodies. The donors’ consent was obtained and was assured of strict confidentiality before the study commenced. Three hundred and thirty three (333) donors were found positive for HIV antibodies and were. Such blood collected from the donors were used for transfusion but were discarded without the notice of the donors. Screening of blood to be used for transfusion must be done for HIV antibodies and other underlying viral diseases before they are considered suitable for transfusion. Since blood transfusion is one of the major routes of transmission of infectious diseases, especially immunological diseases, screening of blood meant for transfusion should be made compulsory in all hospitals whether public or private.

Biography:

Pierrette J Cazeau has served in a multitude of roles in the healthcare industry. Her professional background includes traineeships as an Administrator Intern Training with Boynton Beach Rehab Nursing, a Healthcare Business Consultant.She is currently acquiring a Doctor of Philosophy degree at Capella University School of Public Services Leadership, with a specialization in Health Care Administration (Dissertation Phase V). 

Abstract:

Background: Racism in black communities has complicated diagnosis and treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Individuals most affected by HIV are also most disadvantaged in terms of race and economic status. Sixty percent of all new HIV infections take place among young black MSM between the ages 13 to 29, which explains why AIDS has been cast as a social and not bio-medical problem.  Most of them will live in disbelief that they could be at risk for HIV, and so are reluctant to try new preventative treatments such as PrEP.

Methodology: This study is a literature review to explore how pre-exposure prophylaxix is related to health, behavioral, stigma, racism, and psycho behavioral. A Descriptive statistics were generated for demographics, sexual behaviors, concerns and interests about PrEP. Thirty-three participants were recruited from eastern and western counties of  HIV-uninfected men who report having sex with men (MSM) through their level of agreement on statements listing concerns about the impact of PrEP use on health, behavior, stigma, and interest in psycho-behavioral support services to PrEP.Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression procedures examined a willingness to use the oral PrEP.

Results: Mean age of participants was 13-29 YMSM.  Participants were enrolled in the PrEP Program compared with MSM and IDU (inject drug) of PrEP use on health, behavior, stigma, and interest in psycho-behavioral support services to PrEP. We found 5 percent has more than half reporting more than two partners.  Whereas 6 percent of IDU reported inconsistent condom used; 33 percent  had previously heard of PrEP, whereas 6% reported to use oral PrEP if available after being educated about its potential. In multivariable analysis controlling for age and race/ethnicity demographic significant to use oral  PrEP included the following: less education [odds ratio (OR) = 7.7; P = 0.04], moderate income (OR = 13.0; P = 0.04), no perceived side effects from taking PrEP (OR = 3.5; P = 0.001), and not having to pay for PrEP (OR = 4.2; P = 0.05).

Conclusion: Black MSM who were HIV negative and who took PrEP while involving in relationship with HIV positive men remained HIV negative. Knowledge of PrEP and its implementation must overcome the same level of mistrust in the black community in order to become recognized as an important factor in reducing the AIDS virus.

Biography:

Joan Smith Sonneborn, a Professor Emeritus from the Zoology and Physiology Department at the University of Wyoming,  focuses on how  threshold levels of stress, including exercise stress,  can trigger beneficial rejuvenation and anti aging effects on the brain and body and disease intervention.  Intervention in aging and related diseases have been her passion especially using animal model systems’ strategies to tap into our natural reserves to tolerate challenges and preserve or activate energy systems. Association Certified trainer. She is an avid promoter of exercise, and enjoys both strength training and step class

Abstract:

HIV infection shares fundamental stresses and abnormal gene function common to multiple disorders, i.e., cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, neurological disorders, and ischemic shock.  HIV disease then, may benefit from other treatment drugs repurposed for HIV therapy.  The goal is to regulate master gene switches that promote stress tolerance.  Mimetics of stress can induce stress tolerance, and likewise can serve as HIV drugs. Telomerase is a master switch in cell life or death and for mitochondrial function in innate and adaptive immune functions. However, telomerase is inhibited by HIV proteins in specific cells.  Mitochondrial dysfunction directly modulates immune competence and energy availability. TERT dysfunction activates tumor suppressor p53 and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bax, destroys mitochondria, and induces Ipaf mRNA, a caspase 1 activator to promote HIV pathology. Studies show that activation of telomerase using (TAT2) induces antiviral activity in vitro. Likewise, genetic manipulation of telomerase in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells enhances antiviral function, increases proliferative potential and telomere length stabilization. Telomerase deficit is associated with HIV progression and telomerase upregulation in viral suppression, Given the paramount role of mitochondrial function in HIV tolerance, drugs that counteract oxidative stress, especially mitochondria targeted antioxidants, are candidate drugs both for HIV individuals without benefit of HIV standard therapy and/or as supplement to standard therapy. Nrf2 activators known to switch on antioxidant and stress resistant pathways, as well as anti-aging over the counter drugs, i.e., resveratrol, lipoic acid, and acetyl carnitine, are potental HIV therapy drugs, The alteration of sugar metabolism by mitochondrial dysfunction, implies a potential benefit of diabetic drugs repurpose for HIV infected individuals, Exercise and exercise mimetics induce master switches to tolerate stress, and thus offer HIV resistance therapy. Epigenetic drugs that alter methylation patterns have dose dependent HIV drug benefit potential

Biography:

Abstract:

Background: Along with the increasing number of newly diagnosed patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) per day in the Philippines (26 new cases/day)1 is an increasing number of HIV patients diagnosed with Central Nervous System Infection (CNSI) and Stroke. A study shows that the risk of ischemic stroke was higher among those with HIV infection compared with uninfected people (hazard ratio 1.17)2. Mechanisms of ischemic stroke include HIV-associated vasculopathy, opportunistic infections or neoplasia, cardioembolism and coagulopathy3. Methods: Presented is a 35-year-old male with HIV who is non-compliant with anti-retroviral therapy and who had recent untreated Shingles was brought in with decreased sensorium, signs of meningeal irritation and right-sided neurologic deficit. This case report presents a CNS co-infection of the three most documented viruses that causes stroke: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) and HIV. The inflammatory cascade in these infections promotes atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis, leading to ischaemic stroke4. Results: Computed Tomography scan revealed Acute to Subacute Infarct, Left Middle Cerebral Artery Territory (Figure 1). He was admitted and started empirically on Vancomycin, Ampicillin, Cefepime and Ganciclovir for Central Nervous System Infection. HIV work-up revealed a CD4 of 11 cells/mm3 and HIV-1 RNA of 1,124,215 copies/mL. CMV IgG is positive at 65 U/mL. Lumbar tap done had an elevated opening pressure 17.4 cm with elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein of 120.9 mg/dL (NV: 15- 45), low-normal CSF glucose of 42. 0 mg/dL (NV: 40-70), and pleiocytosis of 1,880 cells/uL with lymphocytic predominance. Viral panel showed CMV viral load of 634,000 copies/mL and VZV IgG 44.4mIU/L clinching the diagnosis of concomitant CMV-VZV meningoencephalitis in this HIV patient. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiogram is compatible with viral vasculopathy. CMV chorioretinitis, the most common clinical manifestation of CMV end-organ disease in HIV patients, was also diagnosed based on hazy media, relative afferent pupillary defect and vitreous opacities on ultrasound of the right eye. He was given Intravenous Ganciclovir for 3 weeks and Intravenous Acyclovir for 2 weeks. He was sent home with oral Valganciclovir to be taken until CD4 counts >100 cells for at least 3 months. Antiretrovirals were also started. The pathogenic mechanisms of VZV reactivation in the CNS include neuronal and glial direct infection and immune-mediated lesions including vasculitis and demyelinization5 while CMV infection of vascular smooth muscle cells induces production of powerful pro-inflammatory cytokines which accelerate atherosclerosis development6. Conclusion: Opportunistic infections are an emerging cause of stroke in patients in HIV. This might be the first reported case of co-infection of the three most documented viruses that causes stroke: Cytomegalovirus, Varicella Zoster Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Biography:

Dr. Santhi Gorantla is an Associate Professor at University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) in Omaha. Her research career in HIV started with her first postdoctoral fellowship on “Gene therapy strategies for HIV-1 in SCID-hu mouse model” in 1997. She developed a novel “Humanized mouse model for NeuroAIDS” with established human immune system, where chronic progressive HIV infection results in immune- and central nervous system pathologies.  She recently procured a NIH R24 Resource-Related Grant to establish a Center for Humanized Mice and support researchers across US with their research using humanized mouse models. She has established several collaborative projects with investigators at UNMC and also from other institutes in US. Using humanized mouse model we are currently working on understanding CNS viral reservoirs and their behavior with drugs of abuse. We are also developing new therapeutic strategies for effective delivery of anti-retroviral drugs to target the viral reservoirs.

Abstract:

URMC-099, a MLK-3 inhibitor, induces autophagy in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which in turn lead to sequestration of nanoformulated antiretroviral drugs from endosomes and multi-vesicular bodies into autophagosomes. This resulted in drug retention and enhanced antiretroviral efficacy. Mice when injected with nanoformulated modified dolutegravir (NMDTG) and URMC-099, showed increased drug in lymph nodes, spleen and liver compared to NMDTG treatment alone. Plasma drug concentrations were high (~450 ng/ml) up to day 42 after parenteral injection. Since autophagy is linked to exosome biogenesis and the exosomes have their natural ability to reach different lymphoid organs, we hypothesized that modulating cellular autophagy can lead to drug loaded exosomes. These can speed drug delivery to HIV lymphatic reseroivrs. To test this idea, we treated MDM with nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV) and showed significant drug loading into exosomes. MDMs produced drug loaded exosomes for 14 days with enhanced drug concentration following URMC-099 treatment. URMC-099 enabled the long term presence of nanoATV into autophagosomes where drug loading was facilitated in exosomes. We reasoned that 30-150 nm sized extracellular vesicles can readily enter the lymphatic system. As exosomes also transport microRNA, peptides and small molecules between cells, we posit that modulating autophagy can be exploited as novel controlled drug delivery system to target lymphoid organs as well as to cross blood brain barrier. Such a delivery system could be used to target these tissue compartments recognized as HIV reservoirs. We conclude that harnessing autophagy, a tightly regulated and evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation process that controls cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic protein aggregates, damaged organelles, lipid droplets and intracellular pathogens can facilitate antiretroviral drug delivery.

Biography:

Abebe sorsa is a asistant professor of pediatrics and child health , arsi university asella health science college, asella ethiopia.

Abstract:

Background: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has brought significant change in reducing morbidity and mortality among children living with HIV/AIDS. However, proper monitoring of HAART response is found to be among the challenges that commonly occurring in HIV care and treatment in resource-limited countries. The objective of this study was to assess patterns of weight gain as a predictor of CD4 recovery during the first six months of HAART in children with HIV infection.

Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted on patients taking HAART since 2005 to 2011. All HIV-infected children under the age of 15 years who took first-line HAART for at least six months at Black Lion Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa were included. Data were collected, entered and analyzed using Epi info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 16.Linear regression was used to assess weight gain as a predictor of CD4 cell recovery

RESULTS: Data of 196 children were analyzed. Males constitute 51% and the minimum age at the start of ART was 4 months and the highest being 168 months (inter-quartile range 87-120 months). CD4 cell count at the start of HAART ranged from 3-2003 cell/ml with an interquartile range of 231-317 cell/ml. After 6 months of HAART, the CD4 count has ranged from 71-2300 c/ml with inter quartile range of 458-612 c/ml and mean CD4 count difference of 230, 95% CI (199.414-260.613); P<0.001. The mean weight gain at three month is 0.772kg, 95% CI (0.588- 0.957) and at six months is1.80 kg,95% CI (1.60- 2.00); P<0.01.Weight at three and six months of initiation of HAART found to be strong predictors of CD4 count recovery at six months (p 0.012 and 0.002respectively).

Conclusion: Although gain in CD4 count in the first six months of ART is the best predictor of subsequent HAART outcomes, we demonstrated that pattern of weight gain is useful tool for predicting early response to HAART particularly in resource-limited settings.

Biography:

Dr. Prashant Mule has completed his MD in Microbiology from the department of Microbiology, Tata memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India in 2016. Presently he is working as a senior resident in the department of Microbiology. His areas of interests are Mycology, Virology and prevention of health care associated infections. He has worked on the evaluation of in house Real time PCR for the diagnosis and prognostication of invasive fungal infections in a tertiary care cancer institute in Mumbai.

Abstract:

Rationale: Dengue has reached epidemic proportion in Mumbai in the last few years. Significant deterioration in the environmental hygiene and other factors resulting in stagnant water bodies have resulted in increased multiplication of vector Aedes aegypti. Cancer patients seeking treatment at the Tata Memorial Hospital reside in various parts of the city and have become victims of dengue due to this epidemic situation.

Aims/Objectives: To study the prevalence of dengue infections in patients seeking treatment for various malignancies at a tertiary care cancer hospital.

Materials/Methods: From May 2014 to April 2017 serum samples from clinically suspected cases of dengue are sent to the department of Microbiology, for testing. Testing is performed for NS1, IgM and IgG antibodies by solid phase immunochromatogarphy.

Results: There were 11810 samples received for testing for dengue infection during study period. Of these 1136 samples (10.39%) tested positive for dengue infection.

Conclusion: Patients receiving aggressive chemotherapy for malignancies develop thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia. Symptoms of dengue mimic the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and other infections. Rapid diagnosis of dengue in the current epidemic situation has become an important tool to screen cancer patients with fever and thrombocytopenia. NS1 antigen is a more specific marker for detection of Dengue viral infection. It helps in early diagnosis and treatment prevents the development of severe complications of dengue.

Biography:

Abrehet kalayou is a Professor and completed her BSc, MSc in Ethiopia.

Abstract:

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive status disclosure among HIV-infected clients, particularly to their sexual partners, was one of the key components of HIV/AIDS services. Despite the benefit of disclosure, it has been documented that rates of partner disclosure by those living with HIV, though vary widely from study to study, was generally low, particularly in developing countries. Thus, disclosure of HIV positive status was a thing that demands investigation.

Objective: To determine the magnitude and factors related with HIV positive status disclosure to sexual partner among women living with HIV/AIDS attending ART clinic at Mekelle Hospital, Tigray Region, Ethiopia, 2017 G.c.

Methods: A facility based cross sectional study was conducted and 315 study subjects with 10% of contingency was selected using systematic random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, binary and multiple logistic regressions were computed. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review board of Mekelle University.

Result: The response rate was 100%. Overall, 63.8% of the women had disclosed their HIV positive status to sexual partner. Main reasons of disclosure reported by non-disclosed subjects were fear of abandonment, Fear of stigma and discrimination and fear of physical abuse. Women who did know HIV status of their sexual partners were more likely to disclose their HIV positive status than those who did not knew their partner’s HIV sero status [AOR=20.35, 95% CI (9.68, 42.79)].

 Conclusion: HIV positive status disclosure to sexual partner in this study was low. Effectively addressing issues of disclosure was recommended to encourage disclosure and cope with negative reactions after disclosure in PLWHA.

Biography:

Wondifraw WA currently working at Debremarkos Referral Hospital, Amhara Regional State Health Buearu, Ethiopia.

Abstract:

Background and objectives: The different Aloaceae plant extracts have been tested and found to contain components with anti leishmanial activity. Our study was conducted to assure anti leishmanial activity of the methanol extract of Aloe otallensis on the promastigot stage of Leishmania aethiopica as compared to currently used drugs and also tried to screen its phytochemical constitutes.

Methods: Aloe otallensis leaf exudate was extracted by using methanol solvent and phytochemical screening was done using the method mentioned by Trease and Evans as well as the extract was evaluated for in vitro anti leishmanial activity against Leishmania aethiopica which was taken from the Black Lion Specialized Hospital parasitology unit. The result was compared with currently used drug like; Sodium stibogluconate, milfostin and paramomycin.

Result: The extract has a good anti leishmanial activity with an IC50 of 0.041 μg/mL on L. aethiopica (LDC/134). The experimental result shows that the extract has better anti leishimanial activity on L. aethiopica than paramomycin and milfostin but less activity than sodium stibogluconate. The data analyses was done by pad graph prison version 5 software after it was read by ELISA reader at the wave length of 650 nm. The phytochemical screening of aloe otallensis exudate showed the presence of phenol, alkaloid and saponin.

Conclusion: Aloe otallensis exudate methanol extract was found to have a good anti leishmaniasis activity against L. Aethiopica and this may be attributed to phenol, alkaloid and saponin present in the plant. Even though this is our conclusion it needs further investigations to confirm which constituent(s) is/are responsible for such effect and at how many concentrations.

Biography:

Walusungu Trevor Nyasulu  is Human Rights Social Activit/Defender based in Northern Malawi.He is the Current Executive Director for Foundation for Equal Rights and Opportunities (FERO)He has previously worked as Team Leader and Prevention of Mother to Child tranmission(PMTCT) project with Medicines du monde( Canada)in Mzuzu Central Hospital (2003-2007)He has been been studying the role of herbalist in STD and HIV-AIDs management in rular areas.       
 

Abstract:

Malawi is among the countries worst affected by the HIV epidemic. The number of People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV) is estimated at about 1,000,000 which includes 850,000 people aged 15 years and above and 170,000 children below 15 years of age. The most recent estimates on the epidemic are based on modeling using the UNAIDS SPECTRUM, which estimates the prevalence of HIV at 10.3% indicating a slight reduction in prevalence from 10.6% in 20101. It was estimated in 2013 that 34,000 new infections occurred in the year, including 7,400 new infections amongst children aged less than 15 years2. Annual AIDS deaths were estimated at 48,000, slightly less than half of what they were at the epidemic's peak in 2004, at 99,000.This early decline follows the natural course of the epidemic and was probably also driven by a reduction of risky sexual behavior as the population became increasingly aware of HIV as the cause for the massive death wave the country experienced. Between 2000-2004, evidence strongly suggests that behavior changes (e.g. increases in condom use, decreases in the proportion of men having sex with more than one woman) contributed significantly to decreases in HIV in Malawi’s epidemic.

Malawi health care services is majory hit by by in adequate  health care workers has resulted in to a tremendous  HIV/AIDS patients living in rural areas of Malawi who desperately seek  access to health care. In contrast, the ratio of traditional healers is considerably higher, and represents a tremendous opportunity to leverage existing community support networks and resources for widening the current health care worker in HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts. In this paper, I propose using rapid assessment procedures (RAPs) to create a fast, effective, decentralized participatory model of engaging local traditional healers with state health care service providers to enhance access to ARVs for HIV/AIDS patients living in rural areas of Malawi.

The feasibility of integrating traditional healers in HIV/AIDS interventions in Malawi needs to be seriously investigated based on the results in our SubSarhara African countries. Traditional healers are a vast untapped source of human capacity. If trained and educated in a participatory collaborative manner with biomedical health practitioners, they could complement and strengthen the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care services in Malawi. As shown, traditional healers are more than eager to improve their comprehension of HIV/AIDS treatment and are motivated to participate in rural areas where patients are most difficult to reach. Furthermore, traditional healers have proven themselves, in many studies throughout SubSaharan Africa, to be worthy allies and would greatly assist Malawi's strategies to curtail the spread of HIV/AIDS infection and provide much needed human resource support for ARV adherence and compliance. The success of integrating traditional healers into Malawi's HIV/AIDS National Action Framework, will require the support and acceptance of policymakers, public health officials and international donors. Active participation of community innovations, cultural leaders, the formal and informal segments of the private sector, Community Based Organizations, PLHIV and community groups is needed to complement the efforts of the public sector in finding the cure for HIV.

Biography:

Mr. Charles salil is a community health worker in the Department of Social work at the information center for HIV prevention. He has a master degree in in HIV prevention and treatment. He is a board member of constituency aids controll council -Eldoret East Constituency and also a member of International society for sexual medicine (ISSM) and IUSTI.He has attended several conferences such as HIV Glasgow 2016,20th World Meeting on Sexual Medicine, which took place in Beijing, China, on September 22-25, 2016,IUSTI  2016.

Abstract:

Background: Each country in the world has put in place strategies to prevent HIV/AIDS infections. In Kenya today, to control HIV/AIDS infection, there are various strategies that have been put in place for example: Voluntary counseling and Testing (VCT), Prevention of mother to Child transmission (PMTCT), Voluntary Medical male circumcision (VMMC) and Condom use among others. In that context however, research has shown that Truvada PrEP reduces the risk of HIV infection by more than 90% among gay and bisexual men when taken once-daily The objective of this study is to investigate the knowledge of Pre Exposure Prophylaxis (PreP) among Men who have Sex with Men.

Method: Ten community health workers were subjected to a three week intensive training programs to empower them with skills of carrying out interviews. Data was collected for a period of three months by use of Questionnaires and personal interviews. During the study, the enumerators used the following demographic data: Sex, Age, Education and how the partners perceive the use of Pre Exposure Prophylaxis

Results: 80 MSM were enrolled in this survey with their ages ranging from 18-35 years all being Males who are HIV + and with basic High Education. Of 40% of the respondents, they have preferred to use condoms as a protective device and other Gels other than Truvada PreP.50% of the respondents were in agreement to use PreP and they had some perceptions on the cost, availability, side effects in the event of stoppage while 10% of the respondents were not sure whether to use Truvada PreP or not since they needed more Education of Medical experts. However, the level of knowledge of Truvada PreP was proportional to their Education.

Conclusion: The survey showed that more information on Truvada PreP usage should be disseminated since its usage still remains a myth to most Kenyans (there is still a strong believe that AIDS as no cure).Therefore, for a successful Truvada usage depends on Opinion leaders, health Professionals and researchers to correct the current misconceptions existing about Truvada PreP in their communities

Biography:

Anozie L  is a Proffessor at Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Abstract:

Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, more than 70 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 35 million people have died due to complications to HIV. Intestinal parasites are the most troublesome for AIDS patients, and are widespread in many regions of the world where HIV/AIDS is also prevalent. Sub-Saharan Africa is among the regions where intestinal parasitic infections are deep-rooted and the largest burden of AIDS cases exist. It is at the core of this research not only to address the social and behavioral aspect of the illness but the medical and other aspects of the disease as well. The aim is to address the issue of prevalence with the view that HIV and AIDS infection is not only a medical problem but a human problem which affects a person in all aspects of human existence. This is non-matched case-control study that comprise five hundred (500) participants: four hundred (400) HIV positive patients and one hundred (100) HIV negative patients as control group. The study participants are HIV positive patients attending HIV clinics at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Mthatha as well as rural based participants, since we are also looking at environmental factors that influence the biologic effect on the HIV transmission. Intestinal parasites are believed to exert immunosuppression of the host by inducing permanent activation of the helper T-cells which may favor retroviral replications. This preliminary results point to the fact that, the existence of interaction between HIV and parasitic infections in co-infected individuals shows that parasitic infections, particularly helminths cause chronic immune activation, in addition to tilting the immune response toward T helper-2 immune responses. So much efforts have been made to control and eradicate the scourge of HIV/AIDS globally. Scientists suspect that the AIDS virus usually cannot cause the disease by itself, but other factors usually help it to infect. These “Cofactors” do not cause AIDS, but make it more likely that exposure to the virus will develop into the disease. In the face of these challenges, and even with the increased resources, global AIDS policy is failing to stem the epidemic. The failure to prevent HIV is probably because the program ignores the fundamental causes of the epidemic. The program attempts to intervene at the last minute with limitations to socio-psychological aspect such as behavioural change, ignoring the declining economies, educational quality, aggravated health crisis, and direct biologic effects of unsanitary conditions on the vulnerability of individuals and society to HIV. Therefore, there is need for holistic approach which includes but not limited to fundamental causes of the epidemic

Biography:

Raj Kamal Tripathi has completed his PhD at the age of 27 years from Kanpur University and postdoctoral studies from Centre d' Immunologie (CIML), Marseille, France and  Dept. of Immunology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, USA. He is a Principal Scientist in CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India, a premier drug development Institute. He has received national and International awards during his research career. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and has one US patent. 

Abstract:

HIV-1 is a retrovirus which when integrates with the human genome, establishes functional disease. The viral replication in the host T cell destroys the immune system, creating a pathological condition and rendering the host vulnerable to secondary infection, thus leading to mortality. The present anti-HIV-1 therapy is largely based on the inhibitory functions of the viral proteins which are crucial for the viral life cycle. There are some accessory proteins too, which may not be as essential for the viral life cycle, but may be critical in the survival of the virus in the host. Deletion of Nef, an accessory protein which does not have any enzymatic activity, favours the hypothesis that Nef- host protein interaction leads to the progression of AIDS in human and monkey.  The insertion of Nef gene in mice and trans-cellular introduction of Nef protein in C.elegans leads to the exhibition of AIDS like symptoms in them.

Our laboratory is interested in identifying novel host cellular proteins that interact with Nef and decipher the cellular pathways regulated by it. We observe these interactions as potential targets for antiretroviral therapy. We have identified two Nef inhibitors that impede Nef-ASK-1 and Nef-GCC185 interaction regulating apoptosis and immune evasion respectively in the Nef infected cells. Based on our results, we propose the idea that these inhibitors may clear the viral infected cells from the host.

Biography:

A.F. Nazarova currently working in the Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Abstract:

The calculation of genetic distances of 55 human populations belonging to four great human races considering loci of proteins, enzymes and blood groups, and construction the dendrogram of this populations distinguished some relationship of German, Slavic and Finnish-Ugric populations. So, Russians are in one subcluster with Poles, Iranians, Komi, Chuvashes, Udmurtians, Nentses and Ossetians. Germans are in one subcluster with Serbs, Moldavians, Hungarians, Croatians and Czechs. Greecs are in closeness with Slavic populations on this dendrogram, too.The calculation of genetic distances of 35 Slavic, Finnish and Germanic populations, and constructing the dendrogram confirmed this results. There were common migrations of  this populations from places of first differentiation in Asia. In Europe German populations were migrated by another way than ancestors of Russians, which were migrated in Europe across North of Siberia. The ancestors of Germans probably migrated by the same way as Hunnu. Now are investigated settlements of ancient Caucasoids in Central Asia. The studing of mt DNA of rural Russian population in Yaroslavsky region discovered all haplogroups of Russians and even Caucasoids (H, W, I, U, X, T1). The last decoding of petrogliphs in Baical region discovered the presence of ancestors of Caucasoids in Siberia in paleolithic.